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Author: Admin | 2025-04-27
Relocation of cells during in vitro tests [138]. Bacterial cellulose (BC–temporary skin substitute) loaded TiO2 nanocomposites (with inherent antimicrobial activity) were proved to participate in healing progression forming healthy granulation tissue and re-epithelization in deep partial-thickness burns in case of mice model [139]. BC-TiO2 nanocomposite treatment promoted suitable healing through fibroblast migration and suitable growth of epithelial cells along with blood supply restoration forming new blood vessels. 3.7. Nano-Oxides Used as BiosensorsNanobiosensors base on a ligand-receptor binding that evokes a reaction in the signal transducer. According to their detection principle (signal measuring), some authors [140] classify the nanobiosensors to piezoelectric, electrochemical, semiconductor, optical and calorimetric and all of them transferred the information into electrical signals. The electrode material is crucial in the fabrication of high-performance electrochemical sensing platforms detecting target molecules using different advanced analytical principles [141]. The nanobiosensors can be enzyme-based, genosensors, immunosensors, cytosensors, and biosensors for the detection of small molecules. The main mechanisms of biosensing are presented in Figure 6.Small molecule electroanalysis is used to determine the presence of H2O2, glucose or dopamine. For example, α-Fe2O3 NPs in the form of cubes synthesized of hydrophobic iron-containing liquid under hydrothermal conditions was used as a glucose biosensor material for non-enzyme catalytic oxidation with high sensitivity and fast response [142]. MO nanostructures have been widely used in the immobilization of enzymes because of strong adsorption capability, enhanced electron-transfer kinetics and improved biosensing characteristics [143]. The enzyme-based biosensors contain a thin layer of the immobilized enzyme on the surface of the working electrode. For instance, the immobilization of the enzyme lactase detecting dopamine depends on the morphology of NPs used [144]. Comparing three kinds of phytic acid modified silica NPs with different morphologies; spherical, rod-like, and helical, for efficiency in dopamine detection, the best electrochemical performance was defined for the helical-shaped NPs. TiO2 NPs on silica sol-gel modified gold electrode immobilized with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were used as a biosensor for determining lactic acid with a detection limit of 0.4 μmol L−1 and small Michaelis–Menten constant (Kmapp = 2.2 μmol L−1) [145]. Because of the large surface area and biocompatibility, ZnO nanorods functionalized with glucose oxidase enzyme have been exploited as a miniaturized biosensor for intracellular glucose measurements [146]. These nanostructured electrodes offer a biocompatible and electroactive surface for enzyme immobilization with enhanced orientation and biological activity [147]. If the nanostructure is porous the active surface for protein binding
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