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Author: Admin | 2025-04-27
No right to be wrong (i.e., planners are liable for the consequences of the actions they generate).Conklin later generalized the concept of problem wickedness to areas other than planning and policy; Conklin's defining characteristics are:[7]The problem is not understood until after the formulation of a solution.Wicked problems have no stopping rule.Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong.Every wicked problem is essentially novel and unique.Every solution to a wicked problem is a "one shot operation".Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions.Classic examples of wicked problems include economic, environmental, and political issues. A problem whose solution requires a great number of people to change their mindsets and behavior is likely to be a wicked problem. Therefore, many standard examples of wicked problems come from the areas of public planning and policy. These include global climate change,[8] natural hazards, healthcare, the AIDS epidemic, pandemic influenza, international drug trafficking, nuclear weapons, homelessness, and social injustice.In recent years, problems in many areas have been identified as exhibiting elements of wickedness; examples range from aspects of design decision making and knowledge management[9] to business strategy[10] to space debris.[11]Rittel and Webber coined the term in the context of problems of social policy, an arena in which a purely scientific-engineering approach cannot be applied because of the lack of a clear problem definition and differing perspectives of stakeholders. In their words, The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail because of the nature of these problems... Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the indisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about "optimal solutions" to these problems... Even worse, there are no solutions in the sense of definitive answers.[5]Thus wicked problems are also characterised by the following:[citation needed]The solution depends on how the problem is framed and vice versa (i.e., the problem definition depends on the solution)Stakeholders have radically different world views and different frames for understanding the problem.The constraints that the problem is subject to and the resources needed to solve it change over time.The problem is never solved definitively.Although Rittel and Webber framed the concept in terms of social policy and planning, wicked problems occur in any domain involving stakeholders with differing perspectives.[[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]_12-0">[[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]-12">[12] Recognising this,
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