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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
MONPs, illustrating the possible MONP interactions with the bacterial cell wall, membrane components, DNA, enzymes and other proteins and the influence of external ROS on membrane integrity, protein synthesis and functioning. Different MONPs may cause toxicity via one or more of the described mechanisms. Figure 7. Mechanisms of bacteria cell damage by MONPs, illustrating the possible MONP interactions with the bacterial cell wall, membrane components, DNA, enzymes and other proteins and the influence of external ROS on membrane integrity, protein synthesis and functioning. Different MONPs may cause toxicity via one or more of the described mechanisms. Table 1. Type, size, characteristics of the biosynthesis and activity of the MONPs against different tested microorganisms. Table 1. Type, size, characteristics of the biosynthesis and activity of the MONPs against different tested microorganisms. MOPrecursorBiosynthesisNP Size [nm]Tested OrganismBiological Activity/Effect/OutcomeRef.Biosynthesis of MONPs from plantsCuOCuSO4Leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes20–22S. pneumonia—S. aureus, K. pneumonia-The highest inhibition zone was observed for K. pneumonia, the lowest for S. aureus, and moderate for S. pneumonia;-The bactericidal activity was almost equivalent to that of tetracycline.[171]CuOCu(O2CCH3)2Stems of Seidlitzia rosmarinus ashes8–40S. aureus, E. coli-Durable antibacterial activities against both S. aureus and E. coli on nano colored wool fabrics.[172]CuOCu(NO3)2. 3H2OAqueous leaf extract of Abutilon indicum16.8G− (E. coli) and G+ (B. subtilis, S. aureus and Klebsiella) bacteria-At 5 mg concentration CuO NPs indicated effective antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria;-In this concentration, CuO NPs were much more effective against Klebsiella and B. subtilis than standard drug ampicillin.[162]Cu2OCuSO4.5H2OAqueous leaf extract of Callistemon viminalis423E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii-At a concentration of 512 and 1024 μg, E. coli strain was more susceptible to Cu2O NPs than Acinetobacter baumannii.-The zones of inhibition of cotrimoxazole and meropenem were larger for both bacteria than that induced by Cu2O NPs.[173]α-Fe2O3γ-Fe2O3Fe(NO3)3.9H2OLeaf extract of Platanus orientalis 38Aspergillus niger, Mucor piriformis-Significant antifungal activity against A. niger and M. piriformis but more active against M. piriformis.[174]Fe3O4FeCl3Seeds, leaves and fruits of Lagenaria siceraria 30–100E.coli, S. aureus-Moderate antimicrobial activity when compared to the reference drug;-Higher bactericidal activity against E. coli and moderate against S. aureus.[175]Fe3O4FeSO4Flower sheath extract of Musa ornate43.69S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, E.coli, Salmonella enterica-Definite antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria without significant differences except in the case of S. enterica where the bactericidal effect was lower in all 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg mL−1 concentrations.[176]ZnOZn(O2CCH3)2Plant extract of Passiflora caerulea30–50Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.-Maximum zone of inhibition against gram-negative E. coli and minimum zone against gram-positive
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