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Author: Admin | 2025-04-27
Gas generators for automobile inflatable airbag systems. The salt derivatives of NTO are also insensitive and are potential energetic ballistic additives for solid rocket propellants. 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (C6H6N12O12) or HNIW, more commonly called CL-20 belongs to the family of high energy dense caged nitramines. CL-20 was first synthesized in 1987 by Arnie Nielsen, and is now being produced at SNPE in France in quantities of 50–100 kg on an industrial pilot scale plant. Nitrocubanes are probably the most powerful explosives with a predicted detonation velocity of >10 000 m s−1. Cubanes were first synthesized at the University of Chicago, USA by Eaton and Cole in 1964. The US Army Armament Research Development Center (ARDEC) then funded development into the formation of octanitrocubane [(ONC) (C8N8O16)] and heptanitrocubane [(HpNC) (C8N7O14)]. ONC and HpNC were successfully synthesized in 1997 and 2000 respectively by Eaton and co-workers. The basic structure of ONC is a cubane molecule where all the hydrogens have been replaced by nitro groups (1.6). HpNC is denser than ONC and predicted to be a more powerful, shock-insensitive explosive. The research into energetic molecules which produce a large amount of gas per unit mass, led to molecular structures which have a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Examples of these structures are hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN). The majority of the development of HNF has been carried out in The Netherlands whereas the development of ADN has taken place in Russia, USA and Sweden. ADN is a dense non-chlorine containing powerful oxidizer and is an interesting candidate for replacing ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer for composite propellants. ADN is less sensitive to impact than RDX and HMX, but more sensitive to friction and electrostatic spark. Recent developments in polymeric binders are in the new family of polyphosphazenes. These polymers are highly flexible
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